CARNATIC
WARS
1st CARNATIC WAR:
v PERIOD: 1746-1748
v Between French and (British + Nawab of Arcot)
v REASONS:
1.Colonial
competition between French and British.
2.Austrian
war of succession.
v COARSE OF
WAR:
1. 1746-
St.George Fort was surrounded by French.
2. Arcot
nawab helped British @ Chennai –sent huge force under MAFUZ KHAN.
3. 1746 – BATTLE OF ADAYAR- French under Dupleix defeated combined force of
Nawab and British.
v REASON
FOR FAILURE:
1.Backward nature of Indian
army-strong organized French forces(with modern war tactics and weapons).
v TREATY: Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle(1748).
(Also ends the Austrian war of succession)
2nd CARNATIC WAR:
v PERIOD: 1749-1754
v REASONS:
1. War of
succession in Nizam of Hyderabad and Nawab of Arcot
2. Dupliex
aligned with Muzaffar Jung (H) and Chanda Sahib(A).
v COARSE OF
WAR:
1.
1751- BATTLE OF
AMBUR -French+ally won the Battle
2.
Muzaffar Jung (H)
became Nizam and Chanda Sahib(A) became Nawab.
3.
Anwaruddin(A) and
Nasir Jang(H) were killed.
4.
French got
Pondicherry and Masulipatnam + Jagir.
5.
1752- ROBERT CLIVE entered India.
6.
Arcot was
recaptured by Clive - British won the (French + Ally).
7.
Chanda Sahib
killed.
8.
Recall of
Dupleix.
v TREATY: Treaty of PONDICHERRY(1754).
3rd CARNATIC WAR:
v PERIOD: 1758-1763
v Between French (Count de lally) and British (Sir Eyre
Coote)
v REASONS:
1.due to seven years war in
Europe( B Vs F).
v COARSE OF
WAR:
1. lally
captured Fort St.David.
2. Initially
british defeated by French.
3. @ Battle
of Wandiwash(1760)-British defeated
French.
4.
1761-Pondicherry captured by British.
5. British
demolished French monuments and Ethnic cleansing done.
v TREATY: Treaty of Paris(1763).
(Also ends the French domination in India).
Reasons for decline of French:
v EEIC was a pvt. Organization British crown didn’t
interfere into the affairs often.
v Leaders like eyre coote and Robert Clive were absent
in French army.
v English were strong in NAVY but French used outdated
naval equipment.
Importance of Carnatic war:
v South India dominated by English Politically and
Economically.
v English availed the port facilities of Eastern coast.
v In Europe, English became political mistress.
BENGAL CONQUEST
v In 1717,Muhal Emperor Faruksiyar gave DASTAK (Trade privilege without duties) rights to
British.
v Later in 1740, Bengal became Independent State amd its
first Nawab was Alvardikhan siraj.
v 1756- British was misusing its DASTAK rights
v 1756- Nawab of Bengal~~Siraj-ud-Daula(grandson of Alivardikhan) posted restrictions on
British.
v 1756- Nawab invaded Kasim Bazzar and attacked Fort
William, 144 British were captured and prisoned in a dark room with small hole
for respiration.
v On the next day,123 of them died due to suffocation
and it is known as BLACK HOLE TRAGEDY.
v JAN 1757- Robert
Clive signed Treaty of Alinagar with nawab and recovered Calcutta.
v BATTLE OF
PLASSEY : JUNE
1757- (Mir Jaffer+ Mir Bakshi+
Admiral Watson+ Robert Clive) attacked Nawab of Bengal.
v War ended in one day and Nawab was killed.
v Mir Jaffer was appointed as Nawab of Bengal.-British
was given 24 bargana.
v Mir Jaffer resigned in 1760. He was replaced by his
son-in-law Mir Kasim as Nawab.
v BATTLE OF
BUXAR: Mir kasim revolted against
British for misusing dastak rights, 1962--formed alliance with Nawab of Awadh
and Mugal Emperor(Shah alam II) and invaded british @buxar.
v Combined force of Mir kasim was defeated by Sir Hectre Munro.
v 1765-Robert Clive became the First governor of Bengal.
v Robert Clive made Mir Jaffer as Nawab.
v TREATY OF
ALLAHABAD: signed between Robert
Clive and Shah Alam II and Nawab of Awadh----- British was given DIWANI (land
revenue collection) rights for Bihar, Bengal and Orissa.
v IMPORTANCE
OF BENGALI CONQUEST:
- First phase of economic drain started through Diwani rights.
- Made british politically and economically strong in Bengal.
- English supremacy in north India as the Emperor of Hindustan was
defeated.
MYSORE CONQUEST
Mysore was ruled by UDAYAR DYNASTY. Hyder Ali joined the
mysore army as a chepoy in 1740. Later he became the ruler of Mysore replacing
Udayar ruler in 1761.
1st MYSORE WAR:
v PERIOD: 1766-1769
v Between Hyder Ali and British (Col. Smith)
v REASONS:
1.Due to alignment of Hyder
Ali with French.
2.British threatened by the
growth of Hyder Ali.
3.British planned for
obtaining the West Coast of India from Hyder Ali(for free and easy trade).
v COARSE OF
WAR:
1767—Battle
b/w British and Hyder Ali @ its peak.
v TREATY: 1769-A friendly treaty signed b/w Hyder Ali and
British—TREATY OF MADRAS [To help
Hyder Ali from marathas and Nizam (H)].
2nd MYSORE WAR:
v PERIOD: 1780-1784
v Between Hyder Ali + Tipu Sultan and British (Warren
Hastings)
v REASONS:
1.Warren Hastings became
Governor General of Bengal-1773.
2.Warren Hastings attacked
French territory MAHE, which is under the control of Hyder Ali.
3.Hyder Ali was not supported
by British during war with Marathas and Nizam as agreed in Treaty of Madras
-1771.
v COARSE OF
WAR:
1.1780-Hyder
Ali invited the war.
2.Initially
Hyder Ali defeated the British force.
3.1781-Hyder
Ali was defeated by Eyre Coote @Battle
Of PROTONOVA
4.1782-Hyder
Ali died of Cancer.
5.Tipu Sultan continued the war, both
exhausted and ended with treaty.
[Tipu has strong administration over civil
and military~~thus british could not defeat him easily.]
v TREATY: 1784-Treaty of Manglore.
On the basis of mutual restitution of conquests.
3rd MYSORE WAR:
v PERIOD: 1790-1792
v Between Tipu Sultan and British (Cornwallis)
v REASONS:
1.Tipu Sultan has cardinal
relationship with French.(hated by British)
2.Tipu Sultan attacked Trivancore(a
close ally of British).
v COARSE OF
WAR:
1.British
started the war in 1790.
2.Tipu has
given European pattern of training to his forces(but they could not grasp it
easily.)
3.1791~~forces of Mysore were defeated by British in many places.
Tipu sultan
was defeated.
v TREATY: 1792—Treaty of SRIRENGAPATINAM~~~Tipu
gave half of his territories to British.
Ø Tipu Sultan tried to form International Islamic
alliance (Kabul,Iran,S.Arabia,Egypt).
Ø 1793-Tipu became the member of JACOBIAN CLUB.
Ø Tipu organized solidarity meeting at Srirengapatinam
to support French Revolution.
Ø “Tree of Liberty” planted at Srirengapatinam.
4th MYSORE WAR:
v PERIOD: 1799
v Between Tipu Sultan and British (Wellesely)
v REASONS:
1.Tipu Sultan has cardinal
relationship with French.(hated by British)
2.Tipu Sultan membership in
Jacobian club.~~threatened British.
v COARSE OF
WAR:
1.Lord
Wellesely became the Governor General of Bengal(known for his aggressive
policies).
2.Wellesely
wanted Tipu out of Mysore region.
3.1799—Battle
started b/w them,Tipu Sultan used iron cased rockets in the war.
4.Finally,Tipu Sultan defeated in the war and killed.
5.UDAYAR
replaced the throne.(loyal to british).
Ø IMPORTANCE:
1.British became the prominent power of
South India.
2.British relieved from Francophobia.
3.They availed Western coastal region.
MARATHA CONQUEST
Ø VARIOUS MARATHA
RULERS:
|
MARATHA
RULERS
|
AREA UNDER
CONTROL
|
|
PESHWA
|
POONA
|
|
GAEKWAD
|
BARODA
|
|
SINDHIA
|
GWALIOR
|
|
HOLKAR
|
INDORE
|
|
BHONSLE
|
NAGPUR
|
1st MARATHA WAR:
v PERIOD: 1775-1782
v REASONS:
1.British signed
Treaty of Surat favouring Ragunath Rao
as Peshwa.[After the death of Madhavrao
Peshwa in 1772, his brother Narayanrao became Peshwa of
the Maratha Empire. However, Raghunathrao,
Narayanrao's uncle, had his nephew assassinated in a palace conspiracy that
resulted in Raghunathrao becoming Peshwa, although he was not the legal heir.]
v COARSE OF
WAR:
1.
Narayanrao's widow, Gangabai, gave birth to a posthumous son, who was legal
heir to the throne. The newborn infant was named 'Sawai' Madhavrao.
2.
Battle of Wadgaon-1779~~English forces were
defeated by Maratha Rulers.
v TREATY: 1782-Treaty of SALBHAI
;signed between marathas and Hastings
.Peace b/w Marathas and British for next 20 years.
2nd MARATHA WAR:
v PERIOD: 1803-1806
v REASONS:
1. 1798--Wellesley
introduced Subsidiary Alliance (securing the rulers providing military help
and economic +political reward in return).
2. 1801—Nawab of Awadh,Nawab of Carnatic signed
Subsidiary Alliance.
3. In October 1802, Peshwa Baji Rao II was defeated by Yashwantrao Holkar, ruler of Indore, at the Battle of Poona. He fled to British
protection, and in December the same year concluded the Treaty of Bassein with the British East India Company.
v COARSE OF
WAR:
1.In Combined forces of (Sindia+Bhonsle) defeated by EEIC~~the Maratha
rulers also became the subsidiary alliance of British.
2.In 1805,Holkar fought with EEIC,signed a Peace treaty and ends the
war.
v TREATY: Treaty of Rajghat,1805.
3rd MARATHA WAR:
v PERIOD: 1817-1818
v REASONS:
1.Pindari War
started against EEIc(marathas+muslims),headed by Sindias.
2.Its spread
throughout north and central India,feared EEIC.
v COARSE OF
WAR:
1.1817-Peshwa attacked EEIC @ Poona~~Peshwa was defeated and
sent to KANPUR and BOMBAY PRESIDENCY
created from his land.
2.All the other Marathas were defeated by EEIC and treaties
were signed for Subsidiary Alliance.
Ø IMPORTANCE:
1.End of Maratha rule in India.
2.British became Pan Indian Power.
3.British gained access over cotton in Bombay presidency.
4.II phase of economic drain started in India.
PUNJAB CONQUEST
Ø
British feared of Russian Invasion into its
Indian Colony.
Ø
Thus,planned for protecting for its own
cause.(or gain control over Punjab).
Ø
In 1832,1839—Amirs of SINDH signed Subsidiary
Treaty with EEIC(Sir Charles Napier).
1st SIKH WAR:
v PERIOD: 1845-1846
v REASONS:
- In 1839-Ranjit Singh(Amir of Punjab) died.
- War of Succession arose.
- People were unrest and protested
against the government for mismanagement.\
v COARSE OF
WAR:
- In 1845—Lord Gough and Lord Hardinger(Governor
General)attacked Punjab.
- Punjab with unorganized army and lack of
leadership defeated easily by EEIC.
v TREATY: Treaty of LAHORE-1846.
2nd SIKH WAR:
v PERIOD: 1848-1849.
v REASONS:
1.Dalhousie
became the Governor General-1848.
2.Introduced
Doctrine of lapse.
3.At
that time , Punjab did not have legal heir.
v COARSE OF
WAR:
1.Punjab
was annexed by Dalhousie, for void of proper succession and improper government
in Punjab.
2.
Though some government officials and public rose against the annexation of
Punjab~~they were easily suppressed.
3. John Lawrence became the first
Commissioner of Punjab Province.
DOCTRINE OF LAPSE
Ø Introduced by Dalhousie in 1848.
Ø 1848—Satara was annexed by this doctrine.
Ø 1849—Punjab was annexed.
Ø 1853—Berar was annexed.
Ø 1854—Jhansi was annexed for no legal heir from rani
Lakshmi Bhai.
Ø 1856--Awadh was annexed for mis governance from Nana
Shaeib.
By the
end of 1856 entire India came under the political control of English East
Indian Company, the accumulated grievances of people and rulers reflected in
1857 Revolt. Though the revolt was aggressive with great participation from
central India,it was successfully suppressed by British.Later the power was
transferred to the CROWN and it was under the crown till INDIAN INDEPENDENCE IN
1947.
ANGLO-BURMESE WAR
v Burma was united by King ALOUNG PAYA between 1752-1760.
v His Successor Bodopaya repelled many chinese invasions
and conquered the states of Arakan and Manipur(1813).
v FIRST
ANGLO- BURMESE WAR(1824):
In 1824,British Indian Authority declared War on Burma and occupied
Rangoon and reached the capital Ava,peace came in 1826 by Treaty of YANDABO.
v SECOND
ANGLO- BURMESE WAR(1852):
Annexation of Pegu,the capital province only remained free.
v THIRD
ANGLO- BURMESE WAR(1885):
British attacked over Burma,Thibaw surrendered.
v Later,in 1935 GoI act Burma was separated from India.
v 1948-Burmese national movement under U AUNG SAN
intensified,and it was given independence in Jan 1948.
ANGLO-AFGAN
WAR
The
annexation of Afgan was basically because of the threat from Russian expansion
in northwest .Also fear of afgan would become the ally of Russia.If it happens
it would be a great threat to British India.
v FIRST WAR
(1838-1842):
Also known as Auckland’s Folly.In 1839,British replaced Dost Muhammed by placing Shah Shuja.British faced popular revolt
but were able to re-occupy Kabul.However ,they had to restore the thrown to
Dost Muhammed.Occupied Kabul in 1842.
v SECOND
WAR (1878-1880):
British India attacked Afgan during the
period of Sher Ali.Sher Ali was defeated by Lord Litton and his son(Yakub khan)
signed the Treaty of GANDAMAK.British
adopted the policy of non-interference,but
the afgan border with Russia is secured by British Indians and British
interfered in the foreign affairs of Afgan.
v THIRD WAR:
Durand
line was reaffirmed between British India and Afgan.Treaty of Rawalpendi was signed.Afgan was
given independence with full soverignity in Foreign affairs.
